![]() ![]() Organized efforts to end war began with the peace congresses of the 19th cent. Wars are waged not only against a nation's government and armed forces but also against a nation's economic means of existence and its civilian population in order to destroy the means and will to continue the struggle. Modern total war calls for the regimentation and coordination of peoples and resources the state is compelled to demand a surrender of private rights in order that unity of purpose may enable it to prosecute the war to a victorious conclusion. Modern war was been even more greatly influenced by industrial development, scientific progress, and the spread of popular education a new era of machine warfare, prosecuted by masses of troops raised by conscription, rather than by rulers and the military class alone, developed after the wars of Napoleon I. The use of fighting forces as instruments of war became a scientific art with the development of strategy and tactics. In many instances, both recent and historic, the military has ruled the state. ![]() In ancient states warfare was usually a community enterprise, but as society divided on a functional basis a warrior class developed, and the army and navy became component parts of the state. War has been a feature of history since primitive times. According to Karl von Clausewitz, war is a “continuation of political intercourse by other means.” As such it often occurs after arbitration and mediation have failed. Imperialism, nationalism, and militarism have been called the dynamics of modern war. Among the causes of war are ideological, political, racial, economic, and religious conflicts. War, armed conflict between states or nations (international war) or between factions within a state (civil war), prosecuted by force and having the purpose of compelling the defeated side to do the will of the victor.
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